可卡因的使用现在被认为可以提高成绩，特别是在摄入的时间，以及在体育道德和反兴奋剂措施中何时摄入的重要性方面。 澳大利亚规则足球和非法药物最近因为种种错误的原因出现在媒体上。 去年，墨尔本魔鬼队队员乔尔·史密斯和两名悉尼天鹅队队员因吸食可卡因被捕。 最重要的是，联邦议会提出了一项声明，称俱乐部一直在保护球员不被抓住。 当谈到对球员的惩罚时，无论他们是为了娱乐还是为了帮助他们比赛，都非常重要。 那么，可卡因是如何被认为能提高成绩的呢？为什么他们何时服用它很重要？什么是可卡因？它能提高成绩吗？可卡因是一种从古柯叶中提取的令人上瘾的强效药物。 尽管它可以在医学上用作某些医疗程序的局部麻醉剂，但由于其成瘾和滥用的可能性很高，它是一种高度管制和控制的物质。 一旦吸食，可卡因会增加大脑中一种名为多巴胺的化学物质的水平，多巴胺是一种与快乐和奖励有关的信使分子。 多巴胺的激增是产生欣快感、能量增强和警觉性的原因，这使得可卡因在娱乐目的上备受追捧。 此外，可卡因减少压力和焦虑等负面情绪的能力，会导致人们在寻求情绪困扰的缓解时滥用可卡因。 当在体育运动中使用可卡因时，可卡因被认为具有提高成绩的作用，根据《世界反兴奋剂法》被禁止使用，并被列入滥用物质类别。 作为一种兴奋剂，可卡因可以引起强烈的“冲动”，从而提高警觉、兴奋和信心。 运动员可能会使用可卡因来提高注意力、耐力或增强信心，据称这可能会给他们带来不公平的优势。 然而，尽管有明显的好处，运动员不太可能用它来提高成绩。 这是因为愉悦感的持续时间相对较短，可能短至15-30分钟，随后情绪和能量水平通常会迅速下降。 可卡因也可能影响他们的判断和决策，这是球赛的一个重要方面。 玩家也不必担心使用它的健康风险，包括过量服用、头痛、头晕和胸痛，并认为自己不太可能从比赛日的测试中被发现。 娱乐性（比赛外）与表演增强（比赛中）使用aflw的两名选手alexiahamilton和paigesheppard被认为在比赛外使用了可卡因，因此是娱乐性的。 他们是在2023年12月被抓的，当时他们球队的赛季在11月结束。 因此，法院没有禁止他们参赛，而是下达了12个月的有条件释放令，没有定罪记录。 这符合afl规则，该规则规定球员将受到第一次打击、5000美元的罚款、咨询和目标测试。 他们后来也被afl禁赛两场。 但魔鬼队的史密斯可能会面临更严厉的惩罚，因为他在2023赛季末的比赛日可卡因使用检测呈阳性。 正因为如此，他被指控使用可卡因不仅是为了娱乐，而且可能是为了提高成绩。 根据afl的反兴奋剂条例，如果发现使用可卡因来提高成绩，可能会被禁赛四年。 如果他被发现只用于娱乐目的，而不是在比赛日，禁令将只有一到三个月。 尿检能确定某人何时吸食可卡因吗？为了提高成绩，必须在比赛当天使用可卡因，因此确定球员服用可卡因的确切日期变得非常重要。 科学仪器可以非常准确地测量可卡因及其关键代谢产物苯甲酰胆碱（通常缩写为bze）在尿液中的浓度，浓度为纳克。 完整的可卡因可以在尿液中检测15天，bze可以在25天内检测到。 所以简单的检测并不意味着在比赛当天使用。 为了确定可卡因的使用日期，需要考虑运动员尿液中完整药物的浓度，以及可能的bze浓度。 这些数值与科学试验中分析的尿液浓度进行了比较。 但在进行这些比较以确定运动员何时服用可卡因方面存在根本缺陷。 这是因为大多数科学研究测试的可卡因数量错误（通常测试的剂量太小）；研究参与者以不相关的方式服用可卡因（如静脉注射或吸烟）；研究人员经常对长期吸食可卡因的人进行研究，或者这些研究没有考虑到运动员与普通人身体素质的差异。 根据目前可用的研究数据，只能确定运动员在最后一次检测呈阴性到可卡因检测呈阳性之间是否服用了药物。 除了他们尿液中的可卡因含量很高之外，在精英运动员的新陈代谢和排泄研究完成之前，还无法确定他们是在比赛当天还是前一天服用的。 为什么可卡因仍然被认为可以提高成绩？虽然运动员不太可能通过服用可卡因真正在运动上胜过对手，但可卡因仍在澳大利亚体育诚信协会的禁止名单上，因为“所有违禁物质都被列入禁止名单，因为它们符合以下三个标准中的两个”：使用该物质有可能提高或提高成绩使用该物质对运动员来说是一种实际或潜在的健康风险该物质的使用违反了体育精神。 当运动员服用可卡因时，他们真的冒着很大的风险来获得最低限度的（如果有的话）运动奖励——不仅是健康风险，还有被一种极不可能改善他们场上表现的物质抓住的可能性。 这篇文章最初发表在对话中：为什么可卡因被认为能提高运动员的成绩，以及为什么运动员服用可卡因很重要。 它是由药学院的nial white教授和shoohb alassadi撰写的。 它是由药学院的nial white教授和shoohb alassadi撰写的。
cocaine use is now considered performance-enhancing, particularly concerning the timing of ingestion, and and the significance of when it is consumed in sports ethics and anti-doping measures.australian rules football and illicit drugs have been in the media for all the wrong reasons recently.last year a melbourne demons player, joel smith, and two sydney swans aflw players were caught with cocaine.and added on top of all that is a claim tabled in federal parliament that clubs have been protecting players from getting caught.when it comes to the punishment for the player, it matters greatly whether they used it recreationally or to help them compete. so how is cocaine considered performance enhancing, and why does it matter when they took it?what is cocaine and is it performance enhancing?cocaine is an addictive and potent drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant. even though it can be used medically as a local anaesthetic for certain medical procedures, it is a highly regulated and controlled substance due to its high potential for addiction and abuse.once consumed, cocaine increases the level of a chemical in the brain called dopamine – a messenger molecular that is associated with pleasure and reward. a surge in dopamine is responsible for feelings of euphoria, heightened energy, and alertness, which makes cocaine highly sought-after for recreational purposes.furthermore, cocaine’s ability to reduce negative emotions, such as stress and anxiety, can contribute to its misuse as people seek relief from emotional distress.when used during sport, cocaine is considered to have performance enhancing effects and is prohibited under the world anti-doping code and listed under the substances of abuse category.as a stimulant, cocaine can induce a powerful “rush”, leading to heightened alertness, excitement, and enhanced confidence. athletes may use cocaine to improve focus, endurance, or to increase confidence, which it is claimed could provide them with an unfair advantage.however, despite the perceived benefits, it is highly unlikely an athlete would use it for performance enhancement. this is because the duration of the euphoric sensation is relatively brief, maybe as short as 15-30 minutes, and often followed by a rapid decline in mood and energy levels.the cocaine would also likely affect their judgement and decision-making, an important aspect of ball sports. the player would also have to not be concerned about the health risks of using it – which include overdoses, headaches, dizziness and chest pain – and consider themselves unlikely to get caught from game-day testing.recreational (out of competition) vs performancing-enhancing (in-competition) usethe two aflw players, alexia hamilton and paige sheppard, were deemed to have used the cocaine out of competition, and therefore recreationally.they were caught in december 2023, after their team’s season had finished in november. as a result, instead of a ban from competing, the court gave them 12-month conditional release orders, with no convictions recorded.this is in line with the afl code that states players receive a first strike, a suspended $5,000 fine, counselling, and be subject to target testing. they were also later suspended for two matches by the afl.but the demons’ smith may be facing a much harsher punishment because he tested positive to cocaine use on game day towards the end of the 2023 season. because of this, he stands accused of using cocaine not just recreationally, but potentially for performance-enhancing reasons.under the afl’s anti-doping code, a finding of using cocaine for performance enhancement could come with a four-year ban. if he was found to have used it for only recreational purposes, not on game day, the ban would instead just be one or three months.can urine testing determine when someone took cocaine?to provide performance enhancement, cocaine would have to be used on the day of competition, so the exact day a player is determined to have taken it becomes very important.scientific instruments can very accurately measure the concentration of cocaine, and one of its key metabolites called benzoylecgonine, commonly abbreviated as bze, at the nanogram level in urine.intact cocaine can remain detectable in urine for periods up to 15 days, and bze can be detectable up to 25 days. so simple detection doesn’t indicate use on the day of competition.to determine the date of cocaine use, the concentration of intact drug in the athlete’s urine, and possibly the bze concentration, need to be considered. these values are compared with urine concentrations that have had been analysed in scientific trials.but there are fundamental flaws in making these comparisons to determine when an athlete took cocaine. this is because most of the scientific studies test the wrong quantity of cocaine (usually they test too small a dose); study participants are administered cocaine in irrelevant ways (like iv injection or smoking); researchers often conduct studies on chronic cocaine users, or the studies don’t account for differences in the physical fitness of athletes from ordinary people.with the currently available research data, it can only be determined with certainty that an athlete took a drug between the last time they tested negative and the date when they tested positive to cocaine.with the exception of very high cocaine levels in their urine, it can’t be determined whether they took it on game day or some day before until metabolism and excretion studies in elite athletes have been completed.why is cocaine still considered performance-enhancing?while it’s unlikely an athlete can genuinely get an athletic edge on their rivals by taking cocaine, it is still on sports integrity australia’s prohibited list because “all prohibited substances are added to the prohibited list because they meet two of the three following criteria”:use of the substance has the potential to enhance or enhances performanceuse of the substance represents an actual or potential health risk to the athleteuse of the substance violates the spirit of sport.athletes really are risking a lot for minimal (if any) athletic reward when they take cocaine – not just the health risks, but the possibility of getting caught with a substance that is extremely unlikely to improve their on-field performances.this article was originally published on the conversation as: why cocaine is considered performance-enhancing for athletes, and why it matters when the athlete took it. it was written by professor nial wheate and shoohb alassadi from the school of pharmacy. .
