炎热的天气会给我们的身体带来很大的压力。 当环境条件超过我们能够充分应对的极限时，我们可能会患上与高温有关的疾病。 ollie jay教授在对话中写道，中暑可能多种多样，从相对轻微的热衰竭到可能危及生命的中暑。 澳大利亚准备迎接一个炎热干燥的夏天。 厄尔尼诺现象又回来了，今年它将与印度洋偶极子一起发生，这种气候模式将进一步放大这种炎热和干燥的影响。 炎热的天气会给我们的身体带来很大的压力。 当环境条件超过我们能够充分应对的极限时，我们可能会患上与高温有关的疾病。 中暑可能多种多样，从相对轻微的热衰竭到可能危及生命的中暑。 症状和体征是什么？如果你感到热衰竭，你可能会感到虚弱、恶心、头痛或头晕。 轻度热衰竭症状通常可以在家里通过减少体力活动、找阴凉处、脱掉多余的衣服、用水保湿，甚至可能洗个冷水澡来治疗。 如果不加以控制，热衰竭可能会发展成更严重的中暑，你的核心温度会攀升到40°c以上。 症状发展迅速，可能包括意识模糊、定向障碍、激动、抽搐，甚至可能导致昏迷。 中暑是一种医疗紧急情况，需要紧急治疗。 叫救护车，将患者浸入冷水（如冷水浴）中，开始快速、积极的降温。 如果无法做到这一点，可以在他们的脖子、腋下和腹股沟敷上冰袋，并用大量冷水覆盖皮肤。 当涉及到为疑似中暑的人降温时，速度越快越好：首先降温，其次运输。 为什么我们会过热？环境条件在决定我们的热应激风险方面起着重要作用。 如果空气温度、湿度和暴露在阳光下的程度都很高，我们就更有可能过热。 当身体变热时，心脏会向我们的皮肤输送更多的温热血液以帮助散热。 随着气温的升高，这种散热方式变得无效。 当空气温度高于皮肤温度（通常在35°c左右）时，我们开始从周围环境中获得热量。 出汗是迄今为止我们保持凉爽最有效的生理手段。 然而，正是汗液从我们的皮肤上蒸发出来，才提供了凉爽的缓解。 当空气潮湿时，它已经含有大量的水分，这会降低汗液蒸发的效率。 我们的身体活动水平和穿着也会影响热应激风险。 当我们运动时，我们的身体会产生代谢热作为副产品。 体力活动越激烈，我们必须损失的热量就越多，以避免核心温度的危险上升。 最后，衣服可以充当汗液蒸发的绝缘体和屏障，使我们更难保持凉爽。 谁在高温下最脆弱？有些人比其他人患中暑的风险更大。 这可能是由于生理限制造成的，比如出汗能力下降，或者适应行为的能力下降。 当这两个风险因素重合时，这是一场完美的脆弱风暴。 以一位老年户外农业工人为例。 60岁以上，他们出汗的生理能力下降。 工人还可能穿着厚重的安全服，这可能会进一步限制身体的热量损失。 如果它们不放慢速度，寻求庇护并充分补水，它们就会变得更加脆弱。 当一个人死于中暑（这相对容易诊断）时，热会被列为死亡证明上的死因。 2001年至2018年间，澳大利亚官方报告了473例与高温有关的死亡病例。 然而，高温与死亡之间的真正联系被认为要大得多，2006年至2017年间，澳大利亚估计有3.6万人死亡。 这是因为大多数在极端高温事件中死亡的人并不是死于中暑。 相反，他们死于其他并发症，如心血管或肾功能衰竭，因为心脏和肾脏等重要器官承受了额外的压力。 有潜在健康状况的人在出现临界核心温度（超过40°c）和中暑之前，更有可能死于与高温相关的并发症。 在这种情况下，虽然高温造成的额外生理压力可能“导致”死亡，但官方的“死亡原因”通常被列为其他原因，如心脏病发作。 这会使人们更难理解极端高温对健康的真正负担。 如何在高温下保持安全谢天谢地，有一些有效、低成本的方法可以在高温下确保安全。 这些措施包括：保持充足的水分，远离高温，到室内或室外阴凉处放松或去除衣物，尽可能冷却：-使用电扇（可在37°c及以下温度下使用，不考虑年龄和湿度）-使用冷水喷雾-使用凉爽潮湿的海绵或布-弄湿衣服和皮肤-淋浴或洗澡-在脖子、腹股沟和腋下用湿毛巾敷冰袋或碎冰。 这篇文章首次发表在对话上。 这本书由lily hospers博士候选人、james smallcombe博士后研究助理和悉尼大学热量与健康研究孵化器主任ollie jay教授撰写。 这本书由lily hospers博士候选人、james smallcombe博士后研究助理和悉尼大学热量与健康研究孵化器主任ollie jay教授撰写。hot weather can place great stress on our bodies. when the environmental conditions exceed the limit at which we can adequately cope, we can suffer from heat-related illnesses. heat illnesses can vary, from relatively mild heat exhaustion to the potentially life-threatening condition of heat stroke, writes professor ollie jay for the conversation.australia is braced for a hot, dry summer. el nino is back, and this year it will occur alongside an indian ocean dipole, a climate pattern which will further amplify this hot and dry effect.hot weather can place great stress on our bodies. when the environmental conditions exceed the limit at which we can adequately cope, we can suffer from heat-related illnesses.heat illnesses can vary, from relatively mild heat exhaustion to the potentially life-threatening condition of heat stroke.what are the signs and symptoms?if you’re suffering from heat exhaustion, you may feel weakness, nausea, headaches or dizziness.mild symptoms of heat exhaustion can often be treated at home by reducing your levels of physical activity, finding shade, removing excess clothing, hydrating with water and perhaps even taking a cool shower.if left unchecked, heat exhaustion can progress to the far more serious condition of heat stroke, where your core temperature climbs upwards of 40°c. symptoms can develop rapidly and may include confusion, disorientation, agitation, convulsions, or it could even result in a coma.heat stroke is a medical emergency and requires urgent treatment. call an ambulance and start rapid, aggressive cooling by immersing the person in cold water (such as a cold bath). if this isn’t possible, apply ice packs to their neck, armpits and groin and cover the skin with lots of cool water.when it comes to cooling someone with suspected heat stroke, the quicker the better: cool first, transport second.why do we overheat?environmental conditions play an important role in determining our heat stress risk. if the air temperature, humidity and levels of sun exposure are high, we are much more likely to dangerously overheat.when the body gets hot, the heart pumps more warm blood to our skin to help lose heat. as air temperature rises, this way of shedding heat becomes ineffective. when air temperature is higher than the temperature of the skin (normally around 35°c), we start gaining heat from our surroundings.sweating is by far our most effective physiological means of keeping cool. however, it is the evaporation of sweat from our skin that provides cooling relief.when the air is humid, it already contains a lot of moisture, and this reduces how efficiently sweat evaporates.our physical activity levels and clothing also impact heat stress risk. when we move, our bodies generate metabolic heat as a by-product. the more intense physical activity is, the more heat we must lose to avoid dangerous rises in core temperature.finally, clothing can act as an insulator and barrier for the evaporation of sweat, making it even more difficult for us to keep cool.who is most vulnerable in the heat?some people are at greater risk of developing heat illness than others. this can result from physiological limitations, such as a decreased capacity to sweat, or a reduced capacity to adapt our behaviour. when these two risk factors coincide, it’s a perfect storm of vulnerability.take, for example, an elderly outdoor agricultural worker. being aged over 60, their physiological capacity to sweat is reduced. the worker may also be wearing heavy safety clothing, which may further limit heat loss from the body. if they don’t slow down, seek shelter and adequately hydrate, they become even more vulnerable.when a person dies of heat stroke – which is relatively easy to diagnose – heat will be listed as a cause of death on a death certificate. between 2001 and 2018 in australia, 473 heat-related deaths were officially reported.however, the true association between heat and death is thought to be far greater, with an estimated 36,000 deaths in australia between 2006 and 2017.this is because most people who die during extreme heat events do not die from heat stroke. instead, they they die of other medical complications such as cardiovascular or renal collapse, as additional strain is placed on essential organs such as the heart and kidneys.people with underlying health conditions are more likely to succumb to heat-associated complications before they develop critical core temperature (over 40°c) and heat stroke.in such cases, while the additional physiological strain imposed by the heat probably “caused” the death, the official “cause of death” is often listed as something else, such as a heart attack. this can make understanding the true health burden of extreme heat more difficult.how to stay safe in the heatthankfully, there are effective, low-cost ways of staying safe in the heat. these include:staying adequately hydratedgetting out of the heat to a cooler area indoors or shaded area outdoorsloosening or removing clothingcooling down any way you can:- using an electric fan (which can be used at 37°c and below, irrespective of age and humidity)- using a cold-water spray- applying a cool, damp sponge or cloth- wetting clothes and skin- having a cool shower or bath- applying ice packs or crushed ice in a damp towel on the neck, groin and armpits.this article was first published on the conversation. it was written by lily hospers phd candidate, james smallcombe post-doctoral research associate and professor ollie jay director of the heat and health research incubator at university of sydney. .本文来源： 天气很热，我会中暑吗？
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